перевод

April 28, 2025
Roy Pepito

Перевод

Фермент является биологической молекулой, которая катализирует химическую реакцию или вызывает химическое изменение в другом веществе. Молекулы, преобразованные ферментами, называются субстратами http://myaventura.ru/includes/pgs/kak-vyviesti-dien-ghi-s-bietsiti-na-ts-upis-podrobnaia-instruktsiia_1.html. Некоторые ферменты действуют независимо, но другие требуют помощи коферментов для правильного функционирования. Ферменты, как правило, представляют собой глобулярные белки, размер которых составляет всего 62 аминокислотных остатка. Существует небольшое количество биологических катализаторов на основе РНК, наиболее распространенными из которых являются рибосомы; их называют либо РНК-ферментами, либо рибозимами.

По типу катализируемых реакций ферменты подразделяются на 7 классов согласно иерархической классификации ферментов (КФ, EC — Enzyme Comission code). Классификация была предложена Международным союзом биохимии и молекулярной биологии (International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology). Каждый класс содержит подклассы, так что фермент описывается совокупностью четырёх чисел, разделённых точками. Например, пепсин имеет название ЕС 3.4.23.1. Первое число грубо описывает механизм реакции, катализируемой ферментом:

Подобно всем катализаторам, ферменты ускоряют как прямую, так и обратную реакцию, понижая энергию активации процесса. Химическое равновесие при этом не смещается ни в прямую, ни в обратную сторону. Отличительной особенностью ферментов по сравнению с небелковыми катализаторами является их высокая специфичность — константа связывания некоторых субстратов с белком может достигать 10−10 моль/л и менее. Каждая молекула фермента способна выполнять от нескольких тысяч до нескольких миллионов «операций» в секунду.

В случае неконкурентного ингибирования вещество присоединяется к ферменту не в активном центре, а совсем в другом месте, однако при этом конформация молекулы фермента изменяется таким образом, что происходит обратимая инактивация его каталитического центра. Неконкурентные ингибиторы связываются обратимо как со свободным ферментом, так и с фермент-субстратным комплексом, образуя неактивные комплексы фермент-ингибитор и фермент-субстрат-ингибитор. Наиболее важные неконкурентные ингибиторы представляют собой образующиеся в живых организмах промежуточные продукты метаболизма, способные обратимо связываться со специфическими участками на поверхности регуляторных ферментов. Примером может служить ингибирование L-треониндегидратазы L-изолейцином .

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